Causes of exudates pleural effusion = PINTS
P = Pulmonary infarction
I = Infection (e.g.: pneumonia, lung abscess, pancreatitis)
N = Neoplasm
T = Tuberculosis / Trauma
S = Systemic disease (e.g.: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), sarcoid, systemic sclerosis)
Causes of transudates pleural effusion = CHARM
C = Carditis / Cardiac failure
H = Hypothyroidism
A = hypoAlbuminaemia
R = Renal failure
M = Meigs syndrome / Malabsorption
50% of patients with bacteria vaginosis are asymptomatic and rarely cause any significant complication. However, intervention should be taken during pregnancy because it may cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. During pregnancy, bacteria vaginosis has been found to be associated with:
- Premature rupture of membranes
- Preterm labour
- Preterm birth
- Chorioamnionitis
- Postpartum endometritis
Treatment is with:
- Oral metronidazole 400mg twice daily for 5-7 days or
- Oral metronidazole 2g as single dose
*From the meta-analyses studies, they have concluded that metronidazole is not teratogenic and safe to be given to pregnant women during the first trimester.
Related topic:
Reference:
- Malaysia Guidelines In The Treatment of Sexual Transmitted Infections. 2008.
