Health Awareness blog

Ramsay Hunt Syndrome is a recrudescent infection of herpes zoster (varicella zoster) which involves the sensory and/or motor component of the facial nerve (7^th cranial nerve). The incidence is about 3-12% of all cases of facial paralysis in adult. In children, the incidence is about 5%. It is the second most common cause of acquired facial palsy.

The virus usually remains dormant in the geniculate ganglion. Once reactivated, the virus will replicates and been transmitted along the facial nerve and the surrounding skin.

The affected person commonly complains of severe otalgia (ear pain) before develops any facial asymmetry (due to the paralysis) or loss of sensation of the affected site. Otalgia is usually accompanied by vesicular eruptions around the ear and in the deep meatus. The eruptions will later rupture and become crusted. Some patients may also complain of hearing loss (which usually sensory neural). Some may present with vertigo as well.

If there is any suspicion of sensory neural hearing loss, an audiogram is indicated to look at the degree of the hearing loss. Facial nerve testing is not significant and will not change the management.

In terms of treatment, valacyclovir or famciclovir can be given up to 10 days. High dose of steroids help to decreases post herpertic neuralgia and may involve facial nerve function especially if the treatment is commenced early of the onset of the disease. Antibiotics and steroids eardrop may give some benefit in terms of prevention of bacterial superinfection in the ear canal. If there is any evidence of herpetic keratitis (eye involvement), ophthalmology referral should be done. In majority of patients, complete (or near complete) recovery is expected.

Reference:

1. Michael J Ruckenstein. Comprehensive Review of Otolaryngology.  Saunders. 2004.
2. Judith Collier et al. Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties. 8^th edition. 2009.

It presents as unilobular or multilobular bony protrusion usually found in the midline of the hard palate.  Most cases of tori is less than 2 cm, however it subjects to change throughout the life. Females are more common to get affected compare to males.

The etiology is unknown.  Some studies believe that it is due to autosomal dominant trait. However, generally it is believed that tori it is more likely results from local stresses rather than genetic influence. It is more common during early adult life and may increase in size. The size may decrease later due to aging process and bone resorption.

Most of the time there is no treatment needed. In certain circumstances, the torus can be removed by small surgery to remove the excess bone if the mass causing problem to the patient (e.g.: eating, frequent ulceration) or a denture needs to be worn.

Reference:

1. Robin Youngs. Nicholas D Stafford. ENT In Focus. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. 2004.
2. Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus_palatinus